Databases

What it contains

Evaluated level energies, spins/parities, half-lives, γ-ray energies and intensities, decay radiations, and ground- and isomeric-state properties for about 3 200 nuclides, derived from ENSDF; plus a level-scheme plotter and search forms.

How to use it

1. Click a square on the chart or type a nuclide (e.g. 100Sn) in the search box.
2. Choose Levels and Gammas, Decay Radiation or Ground and Isomeric States.
3. Use the plot tools to draw level schemes or plot systematics (e.g. E(2⁺) along a chain).
4. Download tables as text/CSV for analysis.

Tips

NuDat is a convenient front end; for the full evaluated dataset with comments and references open ENSDF.

How to cite

NuDat 3, National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat3/

What it contains

Recommended values with uncertainties for level energies, Jπ, half-lives, moments, γ-ray and particle transitions, branching ratios, log ft values and reaction data sets, with the evaluator's comments and references. Published as the Nuclear Data Sheets.

How to use it

1. Search by nuclide or by mass chain A.
2. Pick the 'Adopted Levels, Gammas' data set for recommended values, or an individual decay/reaction data set.
3. Read the comments: they explain how each value was obtained.
4. Download the ENSDF (80-column) or JSON format for programs.

Tips

Cite the Nuclear Data Sheets evaluation of the mass chain (the reference is shown in the data set header).

What it contains

Level schemes, γ rays and decay data from individual recent papers, compiled in ENSDF format but not evaluated (no averaging or recommendation).

How to use it

1. Search XUNDL through the ENSDF search page (data-set type XUNDL).
2. Compare with the adopted ENSDF values to see what is new.
3. Follow the reference keynumber to the original paper.

Tips

Use it to follow the newest spectroscopy; always cite the original article.

What it contains

Ground- and excited-state properties, decay radiations, charge radii, fission yields and more, with colour-coded charts of any property and links to the original evaluations.

How to use it

1. Choose a colour scheme (half-life, decay mode, Q values, radii…) and click a nuclide.
2. Use the side panels for levels, γ rays and decay radiation.
3. For programs use the API, e.g. https://nds.iaea.org/relnsd/v1/data?fields=ground_states&nuclides=100sn (CSV).
4. Other fields: levels, gammas, decay_rads (with rad_types=g, e, a, bp, bm…).

Tips

The API sometimes refuses requests without a browser-like User-Agent header; the official Jupyter notebook shows how to use it from Python/pandas.

What it contains

Evaluated decay radiations derived from ENSDF, tabulated as needed for Medical Internal Radiation Dose calculations.

How to use it

1. Enter the radionuclide.
2. Read the table of emitted radiations with energy, intensity and energy per decay.
3. Export for dose or detector-efficiency calculations.

Tips

Quick way to see all X-rays, Auger electrons and β spectra of a source in one table.

What it contains

Recommended decay data for about 200 radionuclides important for detector calibration, metrology and applications, with full uncertainty analyses.

How to use it

1. Open the nuclide table and choose the radionuclide.
2. Download the tables (PDF) and the evaluation report (comments).
3. Use these values for efficiency calibration sources (e.g. ¹³³Ba, ¹⁵²Eu, ²⁴¹Am).

Tips

For calibration standards DDEP values are often preferred over ENSDF.

What it contains

Element and nuclide pages with half-lives, decay modes, γ lines, thermal cross sections and natural abundances, compiled from evaluated sources.

How to use it

1. Pick an element from the periodic table.
2. Select the isotope for decay data and plots.
3. Check the evaluation source quoted on the page.

Tips

Handy for a quick look; quote the underlying evaluation (ENSDF/ENDF) in publications.

What it contains

AME2020: atomic masses (mass excesses), binding energies, separation energies and reaction/decay Q values for ~3 500 nuclides with uncertainties and the input-data network. NUBASE2020: half-lives, spins, decay modes and excitation energies of ground and isomeric states.

How to use it

1. Download mass_1.mas20.txt (ME, binding energy/A, beta Q), rct1.mas20.txt and rct2_1.mas20.txt (reactions), and nubase_4.mas20.txt (states) as fixed-width text.
2. Read the column description: '#' replaces a decimal point for estimated values; '*' means unavailable. Retain separate flags for values and uncertainties.
3. Use published reaction uncertainties: evaluated masses are correlated. Adding individual mass errors in quadrature does not reproduce these uncertainties.
4. For quantities without a published reaction column, use the covariance file when applicable or explicitly label independent-error propagation.

Tips

The chart's AME reference uses published energies and evaluated uncertainties where tabulated. New-mass and model calculations remain separate. Cite the original AME/NUBASE papers.

How to cite

W.J. Huang et al., Chin. Phys. C 45, 030002 (2021); M. Wang et al., Chin. Phys. C 45, 030003 (2021); F.G. Kondev et al., Chin. Phys. C 45, 030001 (2021)

What it contains

The same AME and NUBASE tables, historical evaluations and documentation.

How to use it

1. Use as an alternative download site for the mass tables.
2. Browse earlier evaluations (AME2016, AME2012…) to compare versions.

Tips

Keep the version (AME2020) in file names and papers — values change between evaluations.

What it contains

One of the collaboration websites named by the IMP and IAEA AMDC pages. Use the IAEA or IMP mirrors if access is restricted.

How to use it

1. Choose an evaluation edition before downloading.
2. Keep the mass, reaction and covariance files from the same edition.
3. Read the original papers and each file's fixed-column header.

Tips

Do not mix AME2016, AME2020 and rounded exports without labelling the edition and precision.

What it contains

All NUBASE2020 ground and isomeric states with excitation energies, half-lives, Jπ and decay branches.

How to use it

1. Filter by Z, N or A.
2. Sort by excitation energy or half-life to find long-lived isomers (useful for PI-ICR).

Tips

Isomer energies marked '#' are estimates; measured energies have no '#'.

What it contains

rms charge radii from electron scattering, muonic atoms and laser spectroscopy (isotope shifts), with uncertainties.

How to use it

1. Choose the element and download the table.
2. Plot δ⟨r²⟩ along an isotope chain to see shell closures and shape changes.

Tips

Laser spectroscopy gives differences δ⟨r²⟩; absolute radii need a reference isotope.

How to cite

I. Angeli, K.P. Marinova, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 99, 69 (2013)

What it contains

Measured and recommended μ and Q values with method and reference.

How to use it

1. Search by nuclide or state.
2. Check the method column (laser, NMR, β-NMR…) and the reference.
3. Use the recommended tables (INDC(NDS)-0794, -0816) where available.

Tips

Mind the sign conventions and the diamagnetic/Sternheimer corrections quoted in the tables.

What it contains

Calculated ground-state masses, β₂…β₆ deformations, shell and pairing corrections; rms deviation ≈ 0.56 MeV from AME masses.

How to use it

1. Download the table from the journal supplement (ADNDT 109–110, 1 (2016)).
2. Use it where no measured mass exists (r-process, drip lines) — compare with AME where data exist.
3. On this site: chart → mass model → FRDM (2012).

Tips

Model-to-model spread far from stability is a useful estimate of the true uncertainty.

How to cite

P. Möller, A.J. Sierk, T. Ichikawa, H. Sagawa, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 109–110, 1 (2016)

What it contains

WS4, WS4+RBF and DZ28+RBF masses, deformations and shell energies as plain text tables.

How to use it

1. Download WS4.txt; columns are A, Z, β₂, β₄, β₆, E_sh, E_def, E_exp, E_th, M_exp, M_th (MeV).
2. Use M_th as mass excess for unknown nuclei.

Tips

One of the most accurate global models near known nuclei; extrapolations still differ by MeV at the drip lines.

How to cite

N. Wang, M. Liu, X. Wu, J. Meng, Phys. Lett. B 734, 215 (2014)

What it contains

Skyrme/Gogny Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov mass tables and derived nuclear inputs for nucleosynthesis.

How to use it

1. Choose 'Nuclear masses' and the model (e.g. HFB-24).
2. Select Z/A range and download the table.

Tips

HFB tables are the standard choice for r-process network calculations.

What it contains

Numerical data as published (or supplied by authors) for neutron-, charged-particle- and photon-induced reactions, with the experimental details.

How to use it

1. Search by target, reaction (e.g. 58Ni(p,γ)) and quantity (CS = cross section).
2. Plot several data sets together with evaluated curves.
3. Export in EXFOR, X4+ or C5 table formats.

Tips

Use the EXFOR entry number (e.g. 12345.002) when you cite a data set together with the paper.

What it contains

The EXFOR experimental reaction library (also called CSISRS in the US).

How to use it

1. Enter target, reaction and quantity.
2. Select data sets and plot or download.

Tips

Same content as the IAEA site; choose the faster interface for you.

What it contains

Complete evaluated cross sections, angular and energy distributions, fission yields, decay and covariance data for neutron, proton, photon and other sublibraries.

How to use it

1. Choose library (ENDF/B-VIII, JEFF, JENDL, TENDL…) and sublibrary.
2. Select the material and the MF/MT section (e.g. MF3 MT102 = (n,γ) cross section).
3. Plot or download; process with NJOY/FRENDY for transport codes.

Tips

MF = data type, MT = reaction channel; the ENDF-6 manual lists all numbers.

What it contains

Web plotting of ENDF-format libraries, with comparison to EXFOR points.

How to use it

1. Click the target on the mini chart.
2. Choose library and reaction; overlay several libraries.
3. Add EXFOR data for comparison.

Tips

Quick way to compare ENDF/B, JEFF and JENDL for the same reaction.

What it contains

Browser for ENDF-6, PENDF/GENDF, EXFOR and CINDA with plotting and comparison tools.

How to use it

1. Use JANIS Web or download the desktop program.
2. Select database → material → reaction and plot.
3. Compare evaluations and experimental data in one figure.

Tips

Good for preparing publication-quality comparison plots.

What it contains

Complete ENDF-6 files with covariances for n, p, d, t, ³He, α and γ on ~2 800 targets, including unstable ones.

How to use it

1. Choose the release (e.g. TENDL-2023), projectile and target.
2. Download ENDF files or use the plots.
3. Good when no other evaluation exists (e.g. exotic targets).

Tips

Model-based: check against EXFOR where data exist.

What it contains

Neutron, decay, fission-yield and activation sublibraries in ENDF-6 format.

How to use it

1. Choose the latest release and sublibrary.
2. Download files or view them in JANIS.

Tips

Decay and fission-yield sublibraries are widely used in Europe.

What it contains

General-purpose neutron data plus proton, deuteron, photonuclear, decay and fission-yield sublibraries.

How to use it

1. Open the JENDL-5 page and choose the sublibrary.
2. Download ENDF-6 files or use the plotting pages.

Tips

JAEA also provides the FRENDY processing code.

What it contains

Input parameters for statistical-model reaction codes (TALYS, EMPIRE, CoH), including theoretical mass tables and discrete level schemes.

How to use it

1. Choose the segment (MASSES, LEVELS, OPTICAL, DENSITIES, GAMMA, FISSION).
2. Download the files and read the segment README.

Tips

The LEVELS segment is the discrete-level input used by TALYS.

What it contains

Recommended cross sections, thick-target yields and decay data for isotope production with cyclotrons and reactors.

How to use it

1. Choose the product isotope.
2. Compare production routes and yields.
3. Check impurities from competing reactions.

Tips

Complements the IAEA medical-isotope cross-section evaluations.

What it contains

Experimental and theoretical rates (and weak rates) for ~80 000 reactions, versioned snapshots, with the source label of every rate.

How to use it

1. Search a reaction or download a full snapshot.
2. Each rate is λ = exp(a₀ + a₁/T₉ + a₂T₉^(−1/3) + a₃T₉^(1/3) + a₄T₉ + a₅T₉^(5/3) + a₆ ln T₉).
3. Replace individual rates with new ones (e.g. from new masses) and record the label.

Tips

New masses change rp- and r-process rates through Q values — reverse rates depend exponentially on Q.

How to cite

R.H. Cyburt et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 189, 240 (2010)

What it contains

Recommended Maxwellian-averaged cross sections (MACS) at kT = 5–100 keV and p-process reaction data.

How to use it

1. Select the isotope.
2. Read MACS(30 keV) and the energy dependence with references.

Tips

Standard reference for s-process network inputs.

What it contains

Rates on a temperature grid with recommended values and factor uncertainties.

How to use it

1. Download the library file.
2. Sample rates from the log-normal distribution to propagate uncertainties.

Tips

Pairs naturally with Monte-Carlo network studies of rp-process sensitivity.

What it contains

Line wavelengths, transition probabilities, level energies and ionization energies for atoms and ions.

How to use it

1. Enter the spectrum (e.g. 'Sn I' or 'Cs II') and wavelength range.
2. For electron binding energies of ions use the ionization-energies form.
3. Needed for laser spectroscopy and for ion-mass corrections.

Tips

Ion mass for Penning-trap work: m_ion = M_atom − q·mₑ + B_e/c² (B_e = total binding energy of the removed electrons).

What it contains

Sequential ionization energies and total binding energies of atoms and ions.

How to use it

1. Select element and charge-state range.
2. Sum the energies to get the binding energy of the removed electrons.

Tips

For singly charged ions the correction is a few eV — below most uncertainties but not for PENTATRAP-level work.

What it contains

The CODATA adjustment with uncertainties and correlations.

How to use it

1. Search a constant by name.
2. Use the same CODATA version as the mass evaluation you compare with (AME2020 uses CODATA 2018).

Tips

1 u = 931 494.10242(28) keV/c² (CODATA 2018).

What it contains

Recommended atomic weights and natural isotopic abundances with their variations.

How to use it

1. Open the element page.
2. Use the isotopic abundances for natural-target yields or reference-ion choice.

Tips

NIST also offers a combined table of atomic weights and isotopic compositions.

What it contains

Calculates reaction Q values, thresholds and separation energies.

How to use it

1. Enter target, projectile and ejectile.
2. Read Q, threshold and their uncertainties.

Tips

Check which mass evaluation the calculator uses.

What it contains

Computes f, log ft and EC/β⁺ ratios for allowed and unique-forbidden transitions.

How to use it

1. Enter Z, Q value, level energy, half-life and branching.
2. Choose transition type and read log ft.

Tips

A new mass changes Q and therefore log ft — useful for low-Q decay studies.

What it contains

Calculated conversion coefficients (K, L, M… shells) and pair-conversion coefficients for any multipolarity.

How to use it

1. Enter Z, γ energy and multipolarity (and mixing ratio).
2. Read α_total and shell coefficients.

Tips

Low-energy isomeric transitions decay mostly by conversion — important for isomer half-lives.

What it contains

Calculates rates, purity, energy loss and charge states for in-flight facilities; includes many utilities (masses, kinematics).

How to use it

1. Load a facility configuration (FRS, BigRIPS, ARIS…).
2. Set primary beam and target, tune the separator, read rates.

Tips

Free download; Windows program (runs on macOS/Linux with Wine).

What it contains

Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter: tables and TRIM Monte-Carlo for energy loss, straggling and implantation.

How to use it

1. Use 'Stopping/Range Tables' for quick values.
2. Use TRIM for degraders, gas cells and implantation profiles.

Tips

Essential for designing degraders before gas cells (IGISOL, CSC).

What it contains

Potential-array field solver with Lua user programs for time-dependent voltages (RFQ, traps, MR-TOF).

How to use it

1. Define electrodes (GEM files), refine the arrays.
2. Fly ion groups; add Lua for RF, buffer gas or switching.
3. Export trajectories and TOF for analysis.

Tips

Commercial licence; the user manual and example workbenches are on the website.

What it contains

Every paper with keywords such as 'NUCLEUS 100Sn; measured mass' — the fastest way to find all measurements on a nuclide.

How to use it

1. Use 'Indexed search' → Nuclide = 100Sn, Topic = measured, Quantity = mass.
2. Or search by author, year, journal or keynumber (e.g. 2021Ge05).
3. Export selected references to BibTeX.

Tips

Keynumbers (YYYYAuNN) are used in ENSDF and XUNDL references.

What it contains

References to ~275 000 neutron-induced reaction works, linked to EXFOR entries.

How to use it

1. Search by target and reaction.
2. Follow links to EXFOR numerical data.

Tips

For charged-particle reactions use NSR instead.

What it contains

Citation-linked records of papers and preprints, author profiles, conference and job listings.

How to use it

1. Search with SPIRES syntax, e.g. 'a Ge, Zhuang and t Penning'.
2. Export BibTeX; set up citation alerts.

Tips

The Jobs section is one of the best sources for nuclear-physics positions.

What it contains

Open-access preprints, often months before journal publication.

How to use it

1. Read 'new' daily, or subscribe to e-mail alerts.
2. Use physics.ins-det for instrumentation (traps, MR-TOF).

Tips

The Daily page of this site collects relevant new preprints automatically.

What it contains

Evaluations of nuclear structure and decay data by mass chain, plus ENDF/B library descriptions.

How to use it

1. Find the latest evaluation of your mass chain and cite it with ENSDF values.

Tips

The mass-chain reference is printed in the ENSDF data-set header.

What it contains

Tabulations with supplementary data files.

How to use it

1. Download the supplementary tables for machine-readable data.

Tips

FRDM2012 and the charge-radius table were published here.

What it contains

Databases for nuclear structure and decay, reactions and bibliography, plus utility codes.

How to use it

1. Start at the Databases page to choose the right database.
2. Use the Networks page to see which collaboration produces which data.

Tips

Most NNDC databases have a help page linked at the top of the search form.

What it contains

Who evaluates, compiles and disseminates nuclear data, and how the networks connect.

How to use it

1. Open the network that maintains the data you use (e.g. NSDD for ENSDF, NRDC for EXFOR).
2. Contact the network to report errors or contribute data.

Tips

Sending your new results to the compilers gets them into the databases faster.

What it contains

International databases, coordinated research projects and data-network coordination.

How to use it

1. Use the menu by topic (structure, reactions, atomic, medical).
2. Check workshops and schools for training in evaluation.

Tips

Mirror sites exist (e.g. nds.iaea.org); use whichever loads faster.

What it contains

Programme coordinating US data centres and evaluators (ENSDF, XUNDL, NSR, ENDF/B).

How to use it

1. See annual reports and meeting pages for current priorities.

Tips

Data needs for basic science are collected through USNDP and NDWG.

What it contains

Evaluation, validation and release of the ENDF/B library and the ENDF-6 format manual.

How to use it

1. Find the ENDF-6 format manual and release notes here.

Tips

Cite the ENDF/B release paper (Nuclear Data Sheets) when using the library.

What it contains

Interagency coordination, the WANDA workshops and their proceedings.

How to use it

1. Read the WANDA proceedings for current data needs and funding opportunities.

Tips

Good overview of where new measurements make the most impact.

What it contains

Evaluators, methods (e.g. LWEIGHT averaging) and the list of evaluated nuclides.

How to use it

1. Use with the LNHB data table (Structure & decay above).

Tips

Evaluation reports describe the treatment of discrepant data.

What it contains

Evaluation centres, mass-chain responsibilities, meetings and evaluator training.

How to use it

1. Find which centre evaluates your mass chain and how to contribute.

Tips

The NSDD workshops are open to young researchers interested in evaluation.

What it contains

Data centres sharing compilation of experimental reaction data, format rules and the EXFOR manual.

How to use it

1. Send your new cross-section data to the responsible centre for compilation.

Tips

Japan (JCPRG), China (CNDC), Russia and others compile charged-particle data.

What it contains

Expert groups on evaluation methods, covariances, formats (GNDS) and validation; the HPRL of data needs.

How to use it

1. Read subgroup reports; check the HPRL for measurements in demand.

Tips

GNDS is the new XML/JSON-based successor of the ENDF-6 format.